Global Business Cultural Analysis Singapore Free Essay Example, 6000 words

Not only was the need to physical laborers readily apparent, but business mind individuals became increasingly interested in the strategic location of the island as well. For the better part of a century, British influence continued to grow in Singapore and the island continued to flourish largely without interference. This all changed, however, with the advent of World War II. It was during this global conflict that Japan invaded Singapore. As British troops were easily outnumbered in the region, and Allies were largely unavailable to assist, England was forced to retreat from the island in 1942, and Japan gained control of the island and held it for three years. At the end of Second World War, in 1945, Singapore was officially returned to the control of the United Kingdom, and it actually became an office colony of the British Crown. This continued for another 14 years, until England granted internal self-rule to the Singaporeans in 1959. The transition was politically rocky for the island, as there were a number of radical political organizations that tried to gain a stronghold, Communists being the most influential in numbers, which caused the leaders of the country to apply for and be granted inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia back in 1963.We will write a custom essay sample on Global Business Cultural Analysis: Singapore or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This did not go smoothly either, as Malaysia has its own share of domestic problems. In the end, Singapore decided to go its own way, and they declared independence in 1965. As this paper will demonstrate, they have not done too badly, and they continue to progress as a society, culture, and economy. Cultural Components There are many facets of Singaporean culture that are rather unique in the scope of global politics and society. As previously discussed, there has been a deep Western influence on the Island for the better part of two centuries, yet Asian influenced has been ever-present as well. This is perhaps Singapore, for example, speaks a hybrid of Chinese and English in many social circles. In addition, because of the heavy migrant influence, there are a variety of different ideas and beliefs present on the island, and capitalism has largely been promoted to flourish throughout the island state, particularly in the last few decades. As a result of these factors, anyone desiring to truly understand the business climate that has developed in Singapore must first begin to understand their unique culture and heritage (Shanmugam, 2012). Only in so doing can global businesses begin to comprehend the unique nature of conducting business in this region of the world, particularly in comparison to th e United States.

Mental Health For The Mentally Ill - 999 Words

Mental Health Brief What’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with failed continuum of care strategies and a lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases, only the critically-ill are meeting clinical criteria for hospitalization, leaving those who have significant mental health problems to fend for themselves. The link between homelessness and mental health is acknowledged, but requires reform (Bean Jr., G. J., Stefl, M. E., and Howe, S. R, 1987). A study completed by Folsom (2005), shows a correlation between homelessness and untreated mental health issues in the United States. The research suggests that approximately one-third of the homeless population has a significant mental health diagnosis such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. However, those who remain untreated and have additional risk factors such as lower socioeconomic conditions or substance abuse issues are more likely to become homeless. The research also suggests that men have a higher rate of homelessness than women. In particular, African American men have a higher rate of homelessness than those from other ethnic backgrounds. Veterans are alsoShow MoreRelatedMental Health Treatment Of Mentally Ill Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesadequate mental health services to be insufficient for the mentally ill population. Mentally ill individuals were send back to society despite of their prevailing circumstances. The lack of assistance made ment ally ill individuals to commit a high percentage of crimes due to their state of mind. Mentally ill individuals who had committed crimes were being incarcerated instead of forcing them to receive mental health treatment. According to Schneider (2008) the percentage of mentally ill enteringRead MoreMental Health Hospitals For The Mentally Ill Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals with serious mental disorders like schizophrenia or bipolar disorders are often sent into prisons without proper diagnosis or any plan for treatment or medications (Ford, M. 2015, June 8). As a matter of fact, prisons are becoming heavily populated with people, who are in desperate need of professional psychiatric care. Regrettably, there is an overwhelming population of America’s jails mentally ill that are booked for minor offenses. When someone is diagnosed with acute mental illness do not receiveRead MoreImproving Mental Health Service For The Mentally Ill1755 Words   |  8 Pagesrecruiting older minority populations into mental health research studies. The main focus of this research is to inform the administrators and policymakers, the best way to care for the mentally ill and how to improve mental health service in older minority. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (2001) and Fellin and Powell, (1988), â€Å"the mental health services by older minority have been an important issues for congress, national institutes of health, and the numerous professional organizationsRead MoreThe Mental Health System Is The Best Interest Of The Mentally Ill2114 Words   |  9 Pagesaspects of life. The mental health system has become a subject that has questioned whether our society has the best interest of the mentally ill in mind. It is because of issues like the â€Å"laid back approach† to prescribing treatment to patients and the lack of coverage for mental health expenses that led to the corrupting of the system. Patients would undoubtedly be nefit from a more structured process with prices that took a families’ financial situation into account. The mental health system in its currentRead MoreMental Illness and Health Care for the Mentally Ill Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Mental Illness has a broad spectrum in the definition of mental illness; any of various psychiatric conditions, usually characterized by impairment of an individual’s normal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, and caused by physiological or psychosocial factors. Also called mental disease, mental disorder. The broad definition also includes that a mental illness is dependent upon a society’s norm and whether corresponding behaviors go against these norms and whetherRead MoreThe Shutdown Of Public Mental Health1614 Words   |  7 Pageshave proven that the shutdown of various mental health facilities across the nation has caused a dramatic increase in the number of incarcerations for people who suffer from mental illness. In 2006, the Bureau of Justice Statistics calculated that there were approximately 705,600 mentally ill adults incarcerated in state prisons, 78,800 mentally ill adults incarcerated in federal prisons, and 479,900 mentally ill ad ults incarcerated in local jails (â€Å"Mentally Ill†). In response to the increase in theRead MoreMental Illness Of The Mentally Ill On Deinstitutionalization1514 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness in America has become an increasingly popular topic of discussion. Rather than being placed in hospitals for treatment, mentally ill individuals are being placed into correctional facilities for their actions. Persons with serious mental illness (SMI) such as bi-polar disorder, severe depression, schizophrenia and etc. have trouble within society. Many lack income and stable living arrangements to be able to succeed in the community. Side effects of their illness can enable them toRead MoreThe Death Of Christopher Lopez918 Words   |  4 PagesA lawsuit has been filed over the death of Christopher Lopez who was a diagnosed mentally ill inmate. On March 17, 2013 Lopez died while incarcerated in the San Carlos Correctional Facility. Lopez died on a concrete floor struggling to br eathe while guards watched through the food slot to his cell. The reality of it which is why this is beyond frustrating and unacceptable in America is because Lopez s was a schizophrenic. Lopez was given a psychotropic drug to deal with his schizophrenia. LopezRead MoreThe Massachusetts Mental Health System1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Massachusetts’ mental health system is a broad system consisting of public and private institutions, health insurance, laws and public policies. The Department of Mental Health (DMH) is a core part of the Massachusetts’ mental health system. This state run organization was put in place to ensure mental health services to the mentally ill and to fund research aimed at finding the causes of mental health. ( dept mental health info)Due to the deinstitutionalization process beginning in 1955, whenRead MoreThe Community Mental Health Centers Act Of 1963 Closed State Psychiatric Hospitals1191 Words   |  5 PagesMany years ago, mental ill ness was viewed as a demonic possession or a religious punishment. In the 18th century, the attitudes towards mental illness were negative and persistent. This negativity leads to the stigmatization and confinement of those who were mentally ill. The mentally ill were sent to mental hospitals that were unhealthy and dangerous. A push in the mid 1950s for deinstitutionalization began because of activists lobbying for change. Dorothea Dix was one of these activists that helped

Types of Fiction free essay sample

Flash fiction: Flash fiction has roots going back to Aesops Fables, and practitioners have included Boleslaw Prus, Anton Chekhov, O. Henry, Franz Kafka, H. P. Lovecraft, Ray Bradbury and Lydia Davis. New life has been brought to flash fiction by the Internet, with its demand for short, concise works. A ready market for flash-fiction works is ezines; however, flash fiction is also published by many print magazines. Markets specializing in flash fiction include SmokeLong Quarterly, Every Day Fiction, and Flash Fiction Online. One type of flash fiction is the short story with an exact word count. Examples include 55 Fiction, the Drabble and the 69er. Nanofictions are complete stories, with at least one character and a discernible plot, exactly 55 words long. A Drabble is a story of exactly 100 words, excluding titles, and a 69er is a story of exactly 69 words, again excluding the title. The 69er was a regular feature of the Canadian literary magazine NFG, which featured a section of such stories in each issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Fiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Short story writer Bruce Holland Rogers has written 369 stories which consist of an overall title, then three thematically related 69ers, each with its own title. 2. Short stories Short stories tend to be less complex than novels. Usually a short story focuses on only one incident, has a single plot, a single setting, a limited number of characters, and covers a short period of time. In longer forms of fiction, stories tend to contain certain core elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the introduction of setting, situation and main characters); complication (the event that introduces the conflict); rising action, crisis (the decisive moment for the protagonist and his commitment to a course of action); climax (the point of highest interest in terms of the conflict and the point with the most action); resolution (the point when the conflict is resolved); and moral. Because of their length, short stories may or may not follow this pattern. Some do not follow patterns at all. For example, modern short stories only occasionally have an exposition. More typical, though, is an abrupt beginning, with the story starting in the middle of the action (in medias res). As with longer stories, plots of short stories also have a climax, crisis, or turning point. However, the endings of many short stories are abrupt and open and may or may not have a moral or practical lesson. As with any art form, the exact characteristics of a short story will vary by author. . Novelette A novelette (or novelet) is a piece of short prose fiction. The distinction between a novelette and other literary forms, like a novella, is usually based upon word count. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula awards for science fiction define the novelette as having a word count between 7,500 and 17,500 in length. The terms novelette and novelettish can also be derogatory, suggesting fiction which is trite, feeble or sentimental (Chambers Dict ionary). 4. Novella A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel. While there is some disagreement as to what length defines a novella, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula Awards for science fiction define the novella as having a word count between 17,500 and 40,000. Although the novella is a common literary genre in several European languages, it is less common in English. English-speaking readers may be most familiar with the novellas of John Steinbeck, particularly Of Mice and Men and The Pearl Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis and In the Penal Colony George Orwells Animal Farm Truman Capotes Breakfast at Tiffanys Ernest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea Thomas Manns Death in Venice Philip Roths Goodbye, Columbus Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Jack Kerouac has written many novellas such as Pic, Tristessa, The Subterraneans, and Satori in Paris. Most of the best-known works of H. P. Lovecraft are novellas, including The Shadow out of Time, The Dunwich Horror and The Shadow Over Innsmouth. 5. Epic poetry An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. A work need not be written to qualify as an epic, although even the works of such great poets as Homer, Dante Alighieri, and John Milton would be unlikely to have survived without being written down. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Virgils The Aeneid and John Miltons Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics. Another word for epic poetry is epyllion (plural: epyllia) which is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The term, which means little epic, came in use in the Nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the type of erotic and mythological long elegy of which Ovid remains the master; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the English Renaissance, particularly those influenced by Ovid. One suggested example of classical epyllion may be seen in the story of Nisus and Euryalus in Book IX of The Aeneid.

Urbanisation Provides Potential Socio

Urbanisation can be discussed as one of the main characteristics of the modern world influenced by the global forces and by the governments’ policies. If the role of urbanisation for developed countries is rather obvious, the effect of urbanisation on developing countries is the controversial question that needs to be discussed in detail. Thus, the essay aims to discuss potential socio-economic effects of urbanisation on the situation in developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urbanisation Provides Potential Socio-Economic Benefits for Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urbanisation can be defined as the significant growth of towns and cities in a certain country, which leads to changing the socio-economic situation within it. Although many researchers state that urbanisation does not provide the obvious positive effect on developing countries, the process of urbanisation c an guarantee many potential socio-economic benefits for these countries because of changing the direction of the socio-economic development. Rural territories do not provide the necessary resources for the significant economic development. That is why the developed countries characterised by the economic growth depend on the idea of urbanisation[1]. As a result, to achieve the definite level of the economic development, it is necessary to accentuate the role of urbanisation in the process. Towns and cities in developing countries become the centres of the social and economic progress because of the concentration of the maximum of the necessary forces in urban territories. Furthermore, urbanisation is the way to the further productive development of rural territories. The economic interactions between the urban and rural territories are a kind of investing into the progress of the rural areas. Thus, the interaction between â€Å"rural and urban areas is likely to increase over time and should be supported†[2]. Rural territories traditionally develop depending on the progress of cities. That is why, the increase in cities can stimulate the positive changes in the rural areas of developing countries. Nevertheless, developing countries are characterised by the uncontrolled urbanisation, which prevents cities from the economic growth and contributes to the urban poverty[3]. However, poverty in cities can be overcome easier than in rural areas, and the perspectives for the economic development and for increasing incomes are greater in cities. The problem is only in the effectiveness of governing urban territories in the developing countries[4]. Thus, urbanisation can be discussed as the first step to the economic growth of developing countries. In spite of the developed biases, there are many potential socio-economic advantages of urbanisation for developing countries because of the process’s orientation to the progress and positive changes in economy. Bibliography Hammond, R., The positive potential of urbanization, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2007.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nelson, A., Urbanisation, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2006. Footnotes R. Hammond, The positive potential of urbanization, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2007, par. 2-3. Hammond, par. 4. A. Nelson, Urbanisation, World Urbanization Prospects, USA, 2006, par. 3. Hammond, par. 6. This essay on Urbanisation Provides Potential Socio-Economic Benefits for Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Kaylynn Duke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Memory is deceptive because it is coloured by todays events Essays

Memory is deceptive because it is coloured by todays events Essays Memory is deceptive because it is coloured by todays events Essay Memory is deceptive because it is coloured by todays events Essay Essay Topic: Literature Woman of Colour Novel Literature is a constantly contested and revised term coined to separate the literary world into works of superior or lasting artistic merit and the ‘other’. This elitist nature used by literary ‘scholars’ created the foundation for all the teachings and ideals of the social, cultural and political thoughts of their times. The worth of literature and the means of classification have stemmed from a culmination of varying critique, seen by the changes in phase of perspective from Modernism; valuing the ‘grand narratives of truth’; to New Criticism; the objective evaluation of the ‘text’; and Post-modernism; the movement away from the hierarchy of literature. Thematics, messages, tropes, contexts and the social, cultural and political hierarchy of the time all contribute to the literary ‘worth’ of a text. This agglomeration of features develops texts consisting of the utmost textual integrity; the flow and connection between all the facets of texts. Gail Jones, ‘Sixty Lights’, set in Australia, India and England in the 19th Century, follows the multi-faceted life of the capricious and palimpsest Lucy Strange as she develops and uncovers her modernistic view of light and the world, through the tragedies that befall her and the opportunities that arise. Jones develops a highly intricate and polysensual novel enveloping multiple theories on light, exploring and presenting ideas around photography, memory, light, darkness, ghostliness and the non-linearity of time, through her ambiguity, lyrical lexicon, pre-emption, construction, content, language, binaries, intertextuality and manipulation of the forms and modes of narratives. This abundance of noted facets allow for the multiple interpretations and over-arching worth of ‘Sixty Lights’ as a beautifully composed and worthy text supporting its inclusion in the HSC Prescriptions List. What remade her world: The capture of light. ’(Pg. 139). ‘Sixty Lights’ is set in the 19th Century Victorian society, where the rise of photography becomes apparent and expands to become the ubiquitous form of memory in the 21st Century. Photography; ‘light writing’ is the central theme in the novel, it is ambiguous in the sense that not only does Lucy develop her love and appreciation of this ‘light writing’ but also Gail Jones lexicon choice is a form of ‘light writing’, creating whimsical images captured through her lexicon of image-laden words and light embedded words. Conical’ is repeated throughout the novel in order to both represent the act of photography, the flooding of light into a single image, and the co-working of photography and memory, ‘silver and conical; as seen in the opening scene. This ‘light writing’ is evident throughout, as each sentence; each paragraph can stand alone as an image, as a beacon of light. Photography has without doubt made her a seer; she is a woman of the future, someone leaning into time, beyond others, precarious, unafraid to fall’, there is constant reference to her ‘falling’ and ‘stepping’ into the future, instead of dwelling on the past, she moves on to the prospects of the future. This futuristic and unconventional thought process is in its essence modernist. Lucy, although from the Victorian era, is a modernist character, unhindered or swayed by the conventions of her social construct, searching, discovering and capturing the truths that are imbedded in the world. She travels the streets un-chaperoned at night; she tastes ‘pan-wallah’ in India and moves from the ‘science’ of photography into the aesthetic and omnipresent nature of the image. ‘Sixty Lights’ primarily mimics the action of memory, recurring and redoubling as a series of hallucinated images which re-member the Victorian period. With its sixty chapters that read as sixty snapshots, some apparently unrelated to the others, ‘Sixty Lights’ is equivalent to an album of photographs; a collection of memories, offering images that are partly shrouded by shadow, ‘flecked with time’, coloured by loss, following along with Lucy’s personal philosophy. The implication of the novels’ depiction of reading as the drawing off of other experiences is that ‘Sixty Lights’ offers the Victorian era as the seance of another experience, another time, into ourselves. Indeed, through the notion of embodied and inherited memory, they offer the Victorian era as part of our heritage, and inheritance; the Victorian period is written into our cultural memory. Thus, the Victorian past is offered to us, through a series of references to popular Victorian novels, photographs, fashion, events and landmarks, as an afterimage, a picture that we continue to see in ‘ghosted’ form. ‘Sixty Light’ is a repetition of the Victorian period, medium for its haunting presence. The exploration of Victorian photography and reading foregrounds memory’s discourse, both its loss and retrieval writing the Victorian period into our cultural memory, and suggesting that it has left myriad traces embodied in texts, images and other material, if transient, forms. Rather than focus upon the problematisation of historical representation, ‘Sixty Lights’ utilises the spectrality of the photograph as a means to explore the uncanny repetition of the Victorian past in the present, and to focus upon the possibility of recovery, the attempt at repayment, even if that which is restored amounts only to the aberrant presence of the ghost. Each posits the historical novel as one means through which the Victorian past can be remembered, if not restored, through the power of language. Thus, in ‘Sixty Lights’ literary text is depicted as an important medium for materialising the past and makes it a culturally worthy text to study. Her use of these theories of lights also intertwines with another exceptional feat she managed to engineer, the intertextualisation of numerous, novels, essays, myths etc. into her novel. Prominent throughout her novel is the Camera Lucida, Roland Barthes, a book with prolific ideas on the effect of photography and objects on memory. He explores two fundamental themes of photography, the studium; the desired message, and the punctum; that accident that disturbs the harmony of the studium. The contrast of Victor and Lucy as photographers: Lucy whom favours the ‘Maculare: stained, spotted, blemished’, the punctum as Barthes would say, whilst Victor favours the ‘immaculare: like the Holy Virgin’ or the studium. Not only does she use theoretical books to instil in the readers a broader sense of understanding to her purpose of the novel, to capture in itself the significance of lights, its effects on ‘seeing’ and its interstitial lucidity, but also adapts narratives and children’s stories in order to give a deeper insight into Lucy. The Princess and the Pea is used to reveal, almost overtly, the sensitivity of Lucy to the light and the world. ‘Lucy was enchanted by the magically sensitivity of princess†¦the felt the tiniest impressions’ (Pg. 27) this ‘enchantment’ of Lucy to some figure, or idea, is symbolic of a shift, or a revelation, of Lucy as she discovers this deep-settled facet of her own self, as her mother says ‘My princess’ (Pg. 31). This ‘sensitivity’ to the lucidity, the ‘subtle beyond’, carries with her throughout the novel. This intertextualisation of not only theoretical and subjective texts, but also the mythical and imaginative, makes a superiorly prepared and thought out novel, worthy of critical analysis. This broadly Bildungsroman text, following the birth to death development of Lucy, is not all that it seems, nor does it try to conceal it. Lucy in the present is in a ‘phantasmic dialogue with the past’, personifying this folding of the past into the present, synchronous with her viewing and ‘stepping into the future’. This folding and pleating of time, is portrayed through many forms in the text, photography, at its base, Lucy’s pre-emption of the future, the links between chapters and the recurring theme of ghostliness. ‘Sixty Lights’ raises the possibility of spectral visitations through both Thomas and the spiritualist Madam Esperance, the notion of the past as revenant is largely elaborated through the ghostliness of photography. Rather than the actual ‘ghost’, it is the ghostliness of photography that becomes a metaphor for this revenant past. In Sixty Lights Neville greets the spiritualist’s luminous image, supposedly the ghost of Honoria, with the whispered word ‘ectoplasm’ (Pg. 94). He believes ‘it is ectoplasm ghosts are composed of’ (Pg. 92), and which Madame Esperance can summon. Barthes deploys the same language to describe photography. This word, ectoplasm, entwines the ghostly image and the photograph as images of an abnormal, or haunting presence. In Sixty Lights the desire to make dead voices speak transforms into the desire to cheat the obliterating action of time and death by creating permanent images, through words and writing, as defences against forgetting. Thus, one of the period’s important technological inventions, the photograph, is proclaimed as ‘the future’ but is, paradoxically, entangled to the past through its yearning for memory-made-permanent. Lucy is wholly anachronistic, she ‘saw both the past and the future’, as ‘Photographs cracked open time’ (pg. 235). This is synonymous with the construction of the novel, connecting chapters to following and preceding chapters; the opening ‘Lucy’ takes us to page 157 where her and Isaac share a bed and he calls her name, the development of Honoria and James, pre-Honoria’s death, are juxtaposed to the development of Lucy and Thomas, post-death, and the seeming misplaced images from her own novel, ‘Special Things Seen’, all act as a metaphor and a medium for a past cyclic, both lost and, paradoxically, perpetuated, continuously repeated in the present. These ‘ruptures’ of time, are utilized by Jones to canvass the non-linearity of time ‘the false liveliness of clocks’, and especially the affect grief and mourning have on the pleating of time. Archetypal of this ‘multitemporal’ construction of ‘Sixty Lights’ is Micheal Serres ‘Conservations of Science, Culture and Time’, ‘the handkerchief represents†¦concept of time which distance and proximity are stable and clearly define; but crumpled in the pocket the handkerchief evokes a ‘topological’ concept of time in which previously distant points ‘become close or even superimposed’†¦ Modernity, can be imagine as pleated or crumpled time, drawing together the past, present and future. In essence, Lucy is symbolic of the anachronistic nature time, a handkerchief crumpled bringing together the lives of her mother, and the future of her child and all the light in-between. This intricate weaving of time, transforms the traditionally conservative and despotic Bildungsroman into a modernist text, it can be seen that this straying away from the mainstream of forms is unconventional and overwhelming, placing the reader in a state of confusion and ‘jump’ state, where time is juggled, but this not only deepens and supports the themes of the novel, but adds another layer, creating the ‘maculate’. Although the novel is based on a Bildungsroman structure, it is written in a post-modernist perspective. Post-modernism, fundamentally, is a move against modernism, its stems from a recognition that reality is not simply mirrored in human understanding of it, but rather, is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own particular and personal reality. For this reason, postmodernism is highly skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person. In the postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being through our interpretations of what the world means to us individually. Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract principles, knowing always that the outcome of ones own experience will necessarily be fallible and relative, rather than certain and universal. ‘Sixty Lights’ is a highly ambiguous title. The sixty chapters of the novel, sixty lights that resonate in her mind and the festival of lights, the birth of Emma, are all interpretable from the title. It is evident that this novel encompasses all things light. Thus, it is uncanny that the novel, so surrounded and encapsulated in light, begins the novel in darkness. This dark introduces two binary themes in the novel, light and dark, and life and death, which shall be explored furthermore. Light is constantly referred to, constructed and resonated throughout the novel. Lucy uses it to form her passion for photography and her sensitivity to the world. The opening scene opens in the darkness, broken first by sound, followed by a string of sensual chains. Insects struck at the mosquito net, which fell silver and conical, like a bridal garment around them’ introduces light to the novel and also light to Lucy ‘a small flare of light’. This light follows Lucy throughout her life, till her death bed, where she was ‘anticipating, more than anything, and abyss of light†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ It is metaphorical of her ability to ignite like a ‘magnesium ribbon’ through the hardships that befall her, whilst being symbolic of the importance of ‘seeing’ in the world of the reader; it is as much an opening to the world of Lucy as it is to the personal lives of the readers. Alternatively, and equally as justifiable, Lucy is seen as a lighthouse, the light beneath the dark, ‘But the desert light’, she said, ‘is scintillating’†¦ Thomas too thought about it many years later†¦ [when he tried] To recover his dead sister’s face, drifting over the surface of the desert. ’ Although light fills novel, darkness fills the empty spaces creating a full-hearted, well-rounded novel. This opposing shade acts as a medium through which grief and mourning manifest and are expressed. In contrast to Lucy followed and enshrouded by light, Thomas is her reversal. This darkness encompasses Thomas from early in the novel, it is when his sleep-walking is betoken, and in has a pinnacle and lasting impression on him, ‘The impersonation of himself was more fearsome than his father’s face appearing on the hallway mirror. The dark around him was welling, as though it would swallow and cover him. Darkness in bucketsful†¦[it] was the hypnotic confirmation of a solitude that he would carry throughout his life’ (pg. 38-39). This epitomizes the grief that he ‘carries throughout life’ and is created by this ‘welling’ of the darkness around him. This dichotomy is not only used to be symbolic of the grief and mourning, but it also ties into her ‘light writing’ and helps to develop ‘snapshots in prose’, images layered into the construction of her sentences. This layering of light and darkness fashions the characters within the novel and adds another interesting layer to this tiered novel, although it can be seen as a highly cliche use of light and dark as forms of representing the inner aura of characters, it is sophistically executed and allows for the discovery of that extra inkling of light after multiple reads, making it worthy of critical study. Sixty Lights’ is everlastingly imprinted by life and death, juxtaposed to each other and evident as two of the only things certain in life; people will live and people will die. These two concepts are recurring in all her works and play a key role in each. The poignant fact of Lucy’s short life, presented to us at the beginning, ‘her own death – in a few years time, at the age of twenty-two. ’ (Pg. 42), is an introduction to the novel and to the steadfast nature of death. There are two key juxtapositions that occur in the book, in terms of life and death. The opening introduces us to Lucy, and the growing life within her, the ‘tiny baby hand in the darkness’, which is then juxtaposed to the revealing of her death at the ‘age of twenty-two’. Secondly and more strongly presented is through the death of Honoria as she harbours new life. This cogent juxtaposition forms the foundation of the novel, the unescapable nature of life and death. In many ways, Lucy and Thomas are binary oppositions; they oppose each other in terms of the era they reflect. Firstly, their rituals are unanimous but their sense and reaction to grief are in stark contrast, ‘bereavement settled as an abstract quality of distortion’. Lucy’s reaction to grief stems to that of distraction in the form of destruction, converting any bereavement into a form of relinquishing her humanity and inflicting damage, becoming in a sense the cause of death. Thomas, on the other hand, follows the endemic form of grieving and ‘burst into tears†¦[and] disappeared for a whole day. These contrasting forms of grief swathe, which Jones values, the multiple ways in which ‘bereavement settles’. This broader understanding and acceptance of life and death create a sense of consciousness within the novel, one, which speaks to the reader in ways of the personal and social, moulding this novel to that beyond the norm, making it of superior worth, a novel worthy of inclusion of the HSC Prescriptions List. Stand alone, each of these layers in t he novel work as ultimately simplistic and used themes, although they do stand out as original in their representation. The success of ‘Sixty Lights’ as a worthy text does not simply come down to the quantity and quality of the themes, these are all in great quality and numerous quantities, but as many argue, for quantity, more is less, if the quality is superior. But one cannot simply say, the novel is not worthy of text due to the vast amounts of knowledge it holds, due to the fact that it is so intricately, delicately and sophistically interwoven and interconnected that it is of supreme worth, its punctum does not disturb the harmony of its studium, but give it the greatest level of exposure, falling together with the utmost textual integrity. Sixty Lights’ is a modernist text, of a Victorian lady, from a post-modernist perspective. The only way such a feat, such a mesh of the three vastly differing literary forms, could only have been achieved by the textual integrity of Lucy, the conduit between the three. She is a woman, living in the present, viewing the past and future simultaneously through the lens of her perspective, motivated by the light beneath the lampshade (Lampshade: a hoop around an untellable story), a palimpsest unveiled.

A Feminist Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet

A Feminist Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet According to feminist scholars, the canonical texts of Western literature represent the voices of those who have been given the power to speak in Western culture. The authors of the Western canon are predominately white men, and many critics consider their voices to be domineering, exclusionary, and biased in favor of a male point of view. This complaint has led to much debate between critics and defenders of the canon. To explore some of these issues, we will examine Shakespeares Hamlet, one of the most famous and widely read works of the Western canon. The Western Canon and Its Critics One of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the canon is Harold Bloom, author of the bestseller The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. In this book, Bloom lists the works that he believes constitute the canon (from Homer to the present) and argues for their safeguarding. He also spells out who, in his view, the canons critics and enemies are. Bloom groups these opponents, including feminist scholars who wish to revise the canon, into one School of Resentment. His contention is that these critics are striving, for their own peculiar reasons, to invade the world of academia and replace the traditional, largely canonical programs of the past with a new curriculumin Blooms words, a politicized curriculum. Blooms defense of the Western canon rests on its aesthetic value. The focus of his complaint is that,  among the professions of literary teachers, critics, analysts, reviewers and authors too, there has been an increasingly noticeable  flight from the aesthetic brought on by an unfortunate attempt to assuage displaced guilt. In other words, Bloom believes that the academic feminists, Marxists, Afrocentrists, and other critics of the canon are motivated by a political desire to correct the sins of the past by replacing the literary works from those eras. In turn, these critics of the canon argue that Bloom and his sympathizers are racists and sexists, that they are excluding the under-represented, and that they oppose...adventure and new interpretations. Feminism in Hamlet For Bloom, the greatest of the canonical authors is Shakespeare, and one of the works Bloom most celebrates in The Western Canon is Hamlet. This play, of course, has been celebrated by all kinds of critics through the ages. The feminist complaintthat the Western canon, in the words of Brenda Cantar, is generally not from the point of view of a woman and that womens voices are virtually ignoredis supported by the evidence of Hamlet. This play, which supposedly fathoms the human psyche, does not reveal much at all about the two major female characters. They act either as a theatrical balance to the male characters or as a sounding board for their fine speeches and actions. Bloom gives fuel to the feminist claim of sexism when he observes that Queen Gertrude,  recently the recipient of several Feminist defenses, requires no apologies. She is evidently a woman of exuberant sexuality, who inspired  luxurious  passion first in  King Hamlet  and later in King Claudius.  If this is the best that Bloom can offer in suggesting the substance of Gertrudes character, it would serve us well to examine further some of the complaints of the feminists regarding the female voice in Shakespeare. Cantar points out that  both the male and female psyches are a construction of cultural forces, such as class differences, racial and national differences, historical differences. What more influential cultural force could there have been in Shakespeares time than that of patriarchy? The  patriarchal society  of the Western world had powerfully negative implications for the freedom of women to express themselves, and in turn, the psyche of the woman was almost entirely subsumed (artistically, socially, linguistically, and legally) by the cultural psyche of the man. Sadly, the male regard for the female was inextricably connected to the female body. Since men were assumed to be dominant over women, the female body was considered the mans property, and its sexual objectification was an open topic of conversation. Many of Shakespeares plays make this very clear, including Hamlet. The sexual innuendo in Hamlets dialogue with Ophelia would have been transparent to a Renaissance audience, and apparently acceptable. Referring to a double meaning of nothing, Hamlet says to her: Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs. It is a tawdry joke for a noble prince to share with a young woman of the court; however, Hamlet is not shy to share it, and Ophelia seems not at all offended to hear it. But then, the author is a male writing in a male-dominated culture, and the dialogue represents his point of view, not necessarily that of a cultured woman, who might feel differently about such humor. Gertrude and Ophelia To Polonius, the chief counselor to the king, the greatest threat to the social order is cuckoldry or the unfaithfulness of a woman to her husband. For this reason, critic Jacqueline Rose writes that Gertrude is the symbolic scapegoat of the play. Susanne Wofford interprets Rose to mean that Gertrudes betrayal of her husband is the cause of Hamlets anxiety. Marjorie Garber points to an abundance of phallocentric imagery and language in the play, revealing Hamlets subconscious focus on his mothers apparent infidelity. All of these feminist interpretations, of course, are drawn from the male dialogue, for the text gives us no direct information about Gertrudes actual thoughts or feelings on these matters. In a sense, the queen is denied a voice in her own defense or representation. Likewise, the object Ophelia (the object of Hamlets desire) is also denied a voice. In the view of author Elaine Showalter, she is  portrayed in the play as an insignificant minor character created mainly as an instrument to better represent Hamlet.  Deprived of thought, sexuality, language, Ophelias story becomes the Story of Othe zero, the empty circle or mystery of feminine difference, the cipher of female sexuality to be deciphered by feminist interpretation. This depiction is reminiscent of many of the women in Shakespearean drama and comedy. Perhaps it begs for the efforts of interpretation that, by Showalters account, so many have tried to make of Ophelias character. An eloquent and scholarly interpretation of many of Shakespeares women would surely be welcome. A Possible Resolution Showalters insight about the representation of men and women in Hamlet, though it may be viewed as a complaint, is actually something of a resolution between the critics and defenders of the canon. What she has  done, through a close reading of a character that is now famous, is focus the attention of both groups on a piece of common ground. Showalters analysis is part of a concerted effort, in Cantars words, to  alter cultural perceptions of gender, those represented in the canon of great literary works. Surely a scholar like Bloom recognizes that there is a need...to  study the institutional practices and social arrangements that have both invented and sustained the literary canon. He could concede this without giving an inch in his defense of aestheticismthat is, literary quality. The most prominent feminist critics (including Showalter and Garber) already recognize the canons aesthetic greatness, regardless of the male dominance of the past. Meanwhile, one may suggest for the future that the New Feminist movement continue searching out worthy female writers and promoting their works on aesthetic grounds, adding them to the Western canon as they deserve. There is surely an extreme imbalance between the male and female voices represented in the Western canon. The sorry gender discrepancies in Hamlet are an unfortunate example of this. This imbalance must be remedied by women writers themselves, for they can most accurately represent their own views. But, to adapt two quotes by ​Margaret Atwood, the proper path in accomplishing this is for women to become better [writers] in order to add social validity to their views; and female critics have to be willing to give writing by men the same kind of serious attention they themselves want from men for womens writing. In the end, this is the finest way to restore the balance and allow all of us to truly appreciate the literary voices of humankind. Sources Atwood, Margaret.  Second Words: Selected Critical Prose. House of Anansi Press. Toronto. 1982.Bloom, Harold. An Elegy for the Canon.  Book of Readings, 264-273. English 251B. Distance Education.  University of Waterloo. 2002.Bloom, Harold.  The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. Riverhead Books. The Berkley Publishing Group. New York. 1994.Cantar, Brenda. Lecture 21. English 251B. University of Waterloo, 2002.Kolodny, Annette. Dancing Through the Minefield.  Book of Readings, 347-370. English 251B. Distance Education. University of Waterloo, 2002.Shakespeare, William.  Hamlet. Bedford/St. Martins Edition. Susanne L. Wofford. Editor. Boston/New York: Bedford Books. 1994.Showalter, Elaine.  Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism. Macmillan, 1994.Wofford, Susanne.  William Shakespeare, Hamlet. Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994.

Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders Term Paper

Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders - Term Paper Example Moreover, Thompson 2008 posits that a major factor in the incident of bulimia is low self-esteem. In their attempt to secure the approval of others they hide their true feelings, thus, food develops into their main supply of comfort. Thompson also notes that Bulimics are different to the anorexic individual in that they recognize that they have a problem and request help. Compulsive eating appears to be on the other extreme of anorexia and bulimia because entails unmanageable eating and hence results in an increase in weight. Food is used as a means of hiding from reality and covering a plethora of problems. Both the bulimic and the compulsive overeater are aware that they have a problem; however, the bulimic attempts purging to solve any weight gain whilst the compulsive overeater attempts to diet. It is this dieting that opens a can of worms. The more the compulsive overeater attempt to diet the more they binge. Binge eating results in the compulsive overeater feeling powerless, us eless and guilty hence, Thompson 2008 argues that dieting and bingeing may go on forever unless the reason for the emotional upheaval is resolved. One specific factor in the onslaught of compulsive eating from childhood is the inability to manage stressful situations. Food was used as a major source of stress management. Consequently, fat may be considered a means of hiding from the world. This particularly occurs in individuals who were sexually abused. Â  Interestingly, researchers have found there to be more male overeaters than females.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOR TOYOTA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOR TOYOTA - Essay Example In effect, the strategic management option is being undertaken for the sake of helping the company gain competitive advantage over its key competitors (Pollard, 2009). Pirttimaki (2007) has stressed that even though the annual revenues of Toyota Corporation could be said to be greater than any of its competitors, the company does not lead in all aspects of the industrial competition. This is because the car making industry in itself has several divisions, all of which must be competed for to gain global dominance. Some of these competitive components that the company engages in with its competitors include luxury vehicles, automobiles, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, and engines (Gilad & Gilad, 2008). Generally, the selection of the strategic management option shall be undertaken while critiquing against a specific model to justify why it is the best that the company can have. The model to be used in the critique is made up of three major sections namely suitability, acceptability and feasibility. Under each of the sections, there shall be sub-components against which the strategic option shall be tested with. The model to be used has been simplified below. The Differentiation Strategy The strategic management option selected for Toyota Corporation is the differentiation strategy. ... As the R&D takes place, it is important to also ensure that there is massive innovation that is directed at the need to meet consumer request and demand with style and flex. This is because as all competitors identifies the needs of consumers, it is he that has innovation with the needs that catches the eye of the consumer most (O’Hara, 2008). Secondly, it is important for companies undertaking the differentiation strategy to have the ability to deliver superior quality products and or services (Gilbane Report 2005). This is indeed a very centralized aspect of the strategy because quality remains a very crucial measure for competitiveness in contemporary global market and for the undertaking of competitive global engagements (Pirttila, 1997). This is because according to Ghoshal & Kim, 2006), the consumer behaviour of most people is changing of cost consciousness to quality consciousness. It would therefore take companies to set their quality apart be gain competitive advantag e. Finally, companies that desire to pursue differentiation strategy must be ready to undertake effective sales and marketing. The reason for this is that on a competitive market such as the one that Toyota finds itself in, almost all other competitors also engage in R&D and the delivery of high quality products and services. In effect, it is those who can effectively market and sell their quality and innovative products and services that really get to the customer (Alvesson & Skoldeberg, 2000). Application of the Model to the Differentiation Strategy Suitability Suitability generally refers to the question of whether or not the selected strategic management option is the right one for the company

Depreciation Method Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Depreciation Method Recommendations Essay The calculation of the straight line method of depreciation is by taking the cost of the item minus its salvage value then dividing that figure by the expected year’s life cycle of the item. This is a non complex calculation and it reduces net income and the equal amounts of depreciation are deducted from every life cycle year of the item. The double declining balance method of depreciation is calculated at double or 200% for the straight line rate. Let’s say the straight line rate is 20%, then using the double declining balance method then the rate is 40%. The amount is multiplied by the book value of the item at the start if each period and also this method deduct higher costs in the product’s early life that decreases net income in the beginning. The units-of -output method of depreciation is calculated on the item production rather than time. The item cost minus the salvage value then is multiplied by total hour’s usage during the period and then you will take figure divide it by the total life cycle expectancy hours. Utilization of this method is more beneficial to organizations that costs are the results of production. One fact you must keep in mind is when there low production output then net income reduction is low and vice versa when there is high production outputs. The sum-of-the-year’s-digits method of depreciation calculation is configured by using the fraction formula. The fraction formula is computed by using the number of years of the item life cycle use as the numerator and the total years as the denominator. If the item life cycle is 5 years then the numerator in year one of depreciation will be 5 and 15(5+4+3+2+1) as the denominator the fraction would be 5/15. Which this is fraction is multiplied by the depreciable base of the item to conclude the year one depreciation figure. All the proceeding years will follow the same process from year two to five and until the item total life cycle is complete. This similar to the double declining method in the aspect that net income is reduced in the years of the life cycle instead of the latter. I recommend that the most beneficial depreciation method for Fan Company A’s equipment is the double declining balance method. This method gives produces a higher percentage of return of costs in the early years of the item and it still lowers net income but also in the later year help offset repair costs for the item. .

The Characters Metamorphoses In Shakespeare’s Tempest-Universe Essays

The Characters' Metamorphoses In Shakespeare’s Tempest-Universe In the play The Tempest, Shakespeare provides a unique and alternate universe for his characters to function in on the magical island. In this universe there are both native characters: Prospero, Miranda, Ariel, and Caliban, who have lived on the island previously, and external world characters, namely: Alonso, Ferdinand, Antonio, Sebastian, Stephano, Trinculo, and Gonzalo, who have been forced upon the island. While the different characters' histories cross paths in the past, the clear and present division between the two groups' immediate situation represents the division in their differing kind of spiritual journey. That is, while the natives seek rejuvenation from isolation outward, the shipwrecked characters seek rejuvenation from the outside world inward, on an island of solitude. As David Bevington notes in the introduction to the Bantam edition of the text: Shakespeare creates in The Tempest an idealized world of imagination, a place of magical rejuvenation like the forests of A Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It. Yet the journey is no escape from reality, for the island shows men what they are and what they ought to be. Even its location juxtaposes "real" world with idealized landscape: like Plato's New Atlantis or Thomas More's Utopia, Shakespeare's island is to be found both somewhere and nowhere. (xvii) In this Tempest-universe Prospero rules as a kind of artist-king, creator, and magician. Invested with these qualities he represents the God-figure of the universe, effecting change in others, while consistently demonstrating God-like qualities in himself: the ability to perform miracles, grace, and forgiveness. Ul... ...and Dreamworks, 2000. -Eliot, T.S. The Complete Poems and Plays. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1980. -Howse, Ernest Marshall. Spiritual Values in Shakespeare. New York: Abingdon Press, 1955. -Hunter, Robert Grams. Shakespeare and the Comedy of Forgiveness. New York: Columiba University Press, 1966. -Knight, G. Wilson. Myth and Miracle: An Essay on the Mystic Symbolism of Shakepeare. London: Ed. J. Burrow & Co., LTD., 1929. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: As You Like It. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: Hamlet. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: Macbeth. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -West, Robert H. Ceremonial Magic in The Tempest. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1964.

Working Mothers and Its Effect to Children

Mothers’ involvement in the labor force displays significant increase in the last decade as well as reliance to non-parental child care. Considering the traditional view of motherhood and parenting, this condition raises the question regarding children’s welfare while their mothers are engaging in professional work. Such question is generally not a new one. Various studies have engaged on researches about children’s welfare in relation of their parent’s behavior for many years now. However, there are still no conclusive results particularly in answering the question whether a condition where a mother is working part or full-time result in a worse condition for the welfare of the children in comparison to a condition where the mother is constantly at home. This question is also in line to questions whether enhancement in working hours has particular effects to children’s condition. In this paper, I will address the issue by reviewing the proponents and opponents of the sentiment that ‘working mothers causes negative affects toward their children’ and present my own opinions and arguments to the discussion. I. Summary of Positions The proponents of the sentiment are supported by the traditional view of mother hood and parental roles. Thus, they generally become the more popular side of the debate in social studies. In empirical perspective, proponents of the sentiment uses numerous studies which relate children’s behavior to parental behavior and discover that children with working parents at different ages performs poorer than other group of children in several cognitive and social tests and observations (Brooks Gun, 2002, Aizer, 2002). One study revealed that infants in the age of one to three years old will have a poorer cognitive performance when their mothers are working in their babies’ first year of life. Another study indicated that adolescence who spend more time unsupervised by their parents will have poorer academic performance and more likely to engage in socially poor behaviors. The opponent of the sentiment uses the flaws of the researches above. Most of the studies that generated acceptable results were studies about how children would be negatively affected by poor care or poor environment. One study even results in the increase in children’s academic performance as their parents gained better jobs which mean longer working hours. Opponents of the sentiment argued that it was not the fact that the mother is working that negatively affected children’s welfare and development, it was the fact that the children was placed on worse care than their parents while their parents were at work. In the basis of this argument, better jobs would result the ability to provide better care for the children while their parents are working, and thus would not necessarily result negative effect for the children (Conger 1994, Dearing, 2001). II. Statement of Position My personal position in this matter is based on logic and empirical studies. Although traditional sentiment and our intuition let us to believe that working mother would obviously resulted poorer care of the children, there is no actual proof of the sentiment. Statistical researches have so far failed to conclude in positive that working mothers do cause negative effects toward their children. Some have clustered results and some even produce the opposite of the sentiment. In short, I stand in negative that working mothers generate negative effect toward children. Another reason of my standpoint is the consideration that children’s welfare consist of various factors rather only few. Researches who attempt to find correlation between children’s welfare and parental behavior are mostly concern over children’s cognitive abilities and academic performance. Few actually consider the social and actual psychological and physiological effect of working mother toward the children. On the contrary to the discussed sentiment, a study revealed that there is no correlation between children’s poor dietary quality to the mother being active in professional work (‘Working Mothers, 2005). There is also no statistical correlation between the development of children’s behavior to the fact that their mothers are working or not (Anderson, 2003). Most of the cases where children having poor cognitive and physiological development and academic performance, and their mothers are working, displayed other factors behind the ‘working mother’ factors. They were these other factors, like poor environment, poor and unprofessional care given by the people in charge of the child while the mother was working, poor education and insensitive mothers, which causes the negative effect toward the children (Brooks-Gun, 2002). III.Multicultural Application The state in which the sentiment is popular is different in different cultures. In Europe and the United States, working mothers are considered more common phenomena. There are fewer concerns over the issues of child care by working mothers especially with the availability of professional caretaker services. Within these cultures, the fear over neglected children is also less due to the presence of various studies revealing that there is no actual evidence that working mothers generate children with poorer state of mind, body and soul. In other cultures, especially more traditional ones, the sentiment has a stronger existence. Some cultures even consider the sentiment as a general truth. In these cultures, leaving the child in their growth stages are considered taboo rather than generating adverse effect toward children. The consideration is influenced by socio-cultural thinking rather than scientific thoughts. However, if researches are to be conducted within these countries, the result would be in the advantage of proponents of the sentiment. This is caused by the state of the culture which may not be able to provide alternative care (beside the birth mother) with similar or better quality. Furthermore, beliefs and cultural suggestions contribute to making the sentiment a reality within these countries. IV. Critical literacy Despite the popularity of the sentiment that working mother has negative effect on children, statistical researches revealed otherwise. A study even revealed that children at the age 10-12 displayed increased cognitive and academic performance as their parents’ working hours increased. The researcher believes that this odd result has several explanations. The first is the fact that increased working hours means better pay and increased ability to provide better care or assistance to children’s daily life and education. The second is considering the psychological effect on children as they watch their parents achieving success is life. In some families, parents’ achievement is considered to have a significant influence that boosted children’s self esteem and efforts (Conger 1994). This strengthened my argument that most researches neglected psychological factors in children’s development as they define the correlation between working mothers and negative effects toward children. V. Civil Literacy A large portion of working mother throughout the world has no choice but to engage in professional work. Thus, getting the truth out about how working mothers affected children’s conditions and development is very much important because it will influence the lives of these women and their families. In the developed world where people have more access to researches and studies, it is more possible for working mothers to understand the risks that they might face and how to reduce them. In the developing world on the other hand, this sentiment might lead to poorer condition of children and the entire family because mothers are not allowed to engage in professional work and bring in financial contributions. VI.Science Literacy Researchers discovered that in the age of 3, children whose mother are working in the first year of the children’s life have poorer cognitive performance compare to children’s whose mother are not working. However, similar results are not discovered when researchers observe other stages of children’s life and age. Some argued that in further ages, the test instrument is no longer able to take into account various factors that influences the children cognitive behavior and therefore, unable to display conclusive results (Brooks-Gun, 2002). In my opinion, this is just scientific evidence that there is no actual justification to the sentiment that working mothers negatively affects their children VII.Values Literacy Scientific and cultural discussions are not one and the same. In most occurrences, their encounter generated contradictive opinions regarding the same phenomenon. This is also the case within this particular discussion. Culturally speaking, mothers are the natural caretaker of children at any age. Going against this sentiment is not something many of us would agree with, especially in a more traditional society. Nevertheless, in the latest decade, we have witness a change of culture, especially in the United States and the European countries. The change was first caused by necessities and later become a trend. Today, there are many women who voluntarily choose to work rather than stay home with their children all day. Therefore, I personally believe that culture can be gradually shaped by altered way of thinking in the community. VIII. Conclusion In conclusion, despite the growing new trend, I believe that being a working mother can be a necessity rather than a choice. In light of this condition, it is necessary for us to justly identify whether being a working mother means generating negative effect toward one’s children. Researches showed that there are no actual correlation between a mother who actively engage in professional and the negative effect suffered by children. On the other hand, other studies revealed that factors like mother’s insensitiveness, poor environment, poor quality of the caretaker and other factors are the ones who actually have a negative effect toward children’s cognitive performance, academic performance and dietary quality. Bibliography Aizer, Anna. 2002. ‘Home Alone: Supervision After School and Child Behavior’. Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Wallace Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Anderson, Patricia M., Kristin F. Butcher, Phillip B. Levine. 2003. â€Å"Maternal Employment and Overweight Children†, Journal of Health Economics, 22(3), 477-504. Brooks-Gun, Jeanne. Han, Wen-Jui. Waldfogel, Jane. 2002. ‘Maternal Employment and Child Cognitive Outcomes in the First Three Years of Life: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care’. Child Development, July/August 2002, Volume 73, Number 4, pages 1052-1072. Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. 1994. ‘Families In Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America’. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine DeGruyter. Dearing, E., McCartney, K., & Taylor, B. A. 2001. ‘Change in family income-to-needs matters more for children with less’. Child Development, 72, 1779-1793. ‘Working Mothers do not Adversely Impact on Children’s Diets’. 2005. Sci Tech. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from

Questions concerning criminal law Essay

i. What are the specific aims & purposes of the criminal law? To what extent does the criminal law control behaviour? Do you believe that the law is too restrictive or not restrictive enough? The specific aims and purposes of criminal law is to punish criminals, and prevent people from becoming future criminals by using deterrence. â€Å"Having a criminal justice system that imposes liability and punishment for violations deter.† (Paul H. Robinson, John M. Darley, Does Criminal Law Deter? A Behavioural Science Investigation, Oxford Journal of Legal studies, volume 24, No. 2 (2004), pp. 173-205). Criminal law intimidates citizens because most people won’t want to be arrested or have a write up on their personal record. Criminal law controls behaviour but only outlines what a good citizen should be doing, by creating laws. â€Å"More precisely, the term refers to substantive criminal law – a body of law that prohibits certain kinds of conduct and imposes sanctions for unlawful behaviour.† (The Canadian Encyclopedia, Criminal Law, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/criminal-law, para. 1.) Having laws and not enforcing them is pointless, so by creating a law you need to enforce it strictly so people stop committing the offence. Like in Alberta and other parts of Canada the Distracted Driving law was in full effect and anyone caught texting and driving or anything along those lines was given a major demerit dock, and a hefty ticket you need to pay. By doing this it enforces the law and creates that thought in the back of the citizens head that says â€Å"should I do that? What will happen if I text and drive and get caught?†. However, most criminals don’t have that subconscious thought and don’t care if they get caught breaking the law, that’s why so many criminals are re-offenders. Laws are either questions concerning criminal justice and safety too restrictive or not restrictive enough depending on where you live. Some people can be considered criminals in Canada, but be doing family honour killings in their homeland. Having pretty much non existent drinking ages in  Europe to the United States where you have to be 21 is absolutely unreasonable, and depending on where you live your laws can either be too restrictive, like in the US, or not restrictive at all, in Europe. There should be a universal drinking age of 16, and the driving age should be raised. Allowing teenagers and young adults to drive before they learn the effects of drinking is not a good policy. Too many citizens think because they have been driving for 2 – 4 years think that they can drive drunk which is not the case and creates a big problem. Among 18 – 24 year olds, they have the highest percentage in Canada for driving under the influence per 100,000 licensed patrons. Universally, if you lowered the drinking age and heightened the driving age to 21, hopefully less people would be drinking and driving because more people would have experienced the effect of alcohol before driving. If this actually worked then maybe less and less police officers would need to worry about check stops and be less restrictive on certain laws and would be able to focus on other important things around Canada. questions concerning criminal justice and safety  ii. Assuming that males are more violent than females; does that mean that crime has a biological rather than a social basis (because males & females share a similar environment)?  Statistically males made up for more then five times the amount of crime then females did in 2005. (Women and The Criminal Justice System, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11416-eng.htm.) Males aren’t biologically programmed to be more physically aggressive and commit more crimes, but when people say males commit more crimes because of testosterone, that is crazy because women have testosterone in their body’s too. Males commit more crimes because most males want to assert their â€Å"macho – ness† to females and prove that they are manly. When males are 20-25 years old, the highest category for committing a crime, they have no other ways to show females how manly they are other then fighting and committing crimes. I think the reason why older males don’t commit more crimes compared to the younger generation is because older folk have other ways to show their manliness like their job, how much money they have, or the kind of car that they drive. That being said crime has nothing to do with biology, but it  comes down to men trying to show how powerful they are in an attempt to â€Å"woo† a female. Concerning the fact that males and females sharing the same environment but males being â€Å"more violent†, I think the reason is because males aren’t as protected as females are. During high school kids always hear about fathers or brothers who will protect their child or sibling from anyone that hurts them in any way. You never hear a sister or a mother saying that about their questions concerning criminal justice and safety son. (Introduction to Criminology, Lecture 3, September 23, 2013, Professor Jan Stanners.) So another factor about females being less aggressive is the fact that they are protected more and almost restricted from certain things because more people worry about girls then boys. Studies are also showing that women’s crime rates are increasing quite noticeably while males are slowly dropping. I think this is because since the 1950-80’s women’s roles were typically stay at home moms taking care of the children, etc. But now women have a lot more freedoms and have jobs and can they can now do whatever they please just like males, so I think that’s why female crime rates are rising steadily. Also, according to the statscan government website it shows that females have a higher victimization rate between the ages of 18-44, which we expect because men are â€Å"more violent†. However after that age range the males become the more victimized group which I found very interesting because that in itself refutes any debate of men being more violent because of testosterone, because no matter how old you are your body is still producing testosterone. questions concerning criminal justice and safety iii. Do you agree with the assessment that for young people, a school is one of the most dangerous locations in a community? Did you find your high school to be a dangerous environment?  Ã¢â‚¬Å"According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 17 teens were killed at schools and five children killed themselves in the year ending June 30, 2002.† (School Safety, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/school-safety.) School can be a very dangerous place for teenagers depending on the area of town that they live in. In Calgary high schools are more safe down south then in  Forrest Lawn just because of the type of families and people there are around influencing the teenagers. The type of influence a teenager gets can lead them on the path to becoming a bully. At the Columbine shootings two teenagers shot and killed many innocent teenagers, in Michael Moores documentary it is shown that the two students were bullied occasionally which may have caused them to act out and shoot their peers. (Michael Moore, Bowling For Columbine, 2002.) As far as schools being one of the most dangerous areas in the community I find that hard to believe. Around schools you have teachers and counsellors supervising you and helping you throughout your 3 years so it can’t be as dangerous as people make it out to be. However the activities that take place outside of school I think are the most violent ones. They involve students and peers that you’ve met through high school and I believe people are getting those two things mixed up, but that’s just from personal experience because inside of my high school was relatively safe. We had a lockdown where a student from another school came into ours with a knife looking for a student in one of the classes but the police came and handled the situation accordingly and our teachers were well prepared questions concerning criminal justice and safety and practiced lockdowns on a regular basis. Later we all found out this situation happened because of activity outside of school. My personal experiences in high school I never had a physical altercation with anyone but in grades 10 and 11 a lot of students would make organized fights after school and a big crowd would join. I think this relates to the previous question on men being more violent, because teenagers have no other way to assert their manliness to friends and girls other then to fight and beat someone up. I think the most dangerous places in our rural communities is back alleys at night time walking home from drinking at a friends or at a bar. You make yourself an easy target being drunk and that’s when criminals take the chance to mug you. By being at school it’s really hard to make yourself a big target with teaching staff all around you. To sum everything up I do not agree that schools are the most dangerous place for young people. In some instanced even your own home could be the most dangerous place to be and school could be like an escape for some students. questions concerning criminal justice and safety Reference Page The Canadian Encyclopedia, Criminal Law, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/criminal-law, para. 1. Michael Moore, Bowling For Columbine, 2002.  Paul H. Robinson, John M. Darley, Does Criminal Law Deter? A Behavioural Science Investigation, Oxford Journal of Legal studies, volume 24, No. 2 (2004), pp. 173-205. School Safety, http://www.ncpc.org/topics/school-safety. Women and The Criminal Justice System, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11416-eng.htm.

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Current problems with harm reduction and future direction

Current problems with harm reduction and future direction Any individual hoping to investigate what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, must be aware of the development of harm reduction as a solution to drug use. The individual will also need to further investigate the benefits and advantages of harm reduction. Five areas are particularly important when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are. How harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years, the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction, what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are, what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are and what future direction harm reduction should go in. Each of these areas all need to be understood, with the awareness that the advantages of harm reduction far outweigh the disadvantages, allowing it to remain the one of the most important solutions for dealing with drug use and drug users. Of critical importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years. Although very similar to one another, harm reduction and harm minimisation must be separated, with harm minimisation referring to Australias National Drug Strategy which includes supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction and harm reduction referring to programs designed to reduce harm (Australian National Council on Drugs 2004: 2). The term harm reduction itself can be defined as those policies and programs which seek to reduce or minimise the adverse health and social consequences of drug use without requiring an individual to discontinue drug use (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 3). By defining harm reduction in this way, it is able to recognise that many drug users are unwilling or unable to refrain from drug use and that there is a need to provide them with options which reduce the harms of continued use including overdose and the spread of disease (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 6). Not only does harm reduction aim at reducing the risks and harms associated with drug use it is also formulated around three central principles which have been proposed and developed by drug expert, Robert Westermeyer (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The first is that excessive behaviours occur along a continuum of risk, in which moderate drug use has a lower risk of harm than that of extreme drug use (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The second principal is that changing addictive behaviour is a stepwise process, complete abstinence being the final step, where in any move away from harms of drug use is a positive one (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). The final principal is that of sobriety simply isnt for everybody, which relates to the fact that some individuals are unable to cope with whatever circumstances they are in without drug use and that unfortunately drug use is a fact of life for some (Hanson et al. 2006: 534). Over the past twenty-five years, harm reduction has risen in prominence to become one of the central aspects of many drug policies and programs not only in Australia but around the world (Moore Fraser 2006: 3036). In the case of Australia harm reduction has been incorporated into the principles of harm minimisation which have been the framework for Australias National Drug Strategy since 1985 (Waller Rumball 2004: 40). Further adding to the rise in harm reductions popularity is acknowledgement that drug use and abuse is and has become a public health issue rather than a legal issue which can be solved with sanctions and prison (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 9). Not only has harm minimisation changed the way in which Australia deals with drug use and users but it has also changed many of societys attitudes and stereotypes about drug users (The Drug Prevention Network 2010). Rather society now thinks about the drug user in relationship to both the environment and circumstances in which they are using drugs and how best to reduce the harms of this drug use (The Drug Prevention Network 2010). Having gained an understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty- five years, the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction can now be examined. It is also of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction. The term drug itself has been best defined as being any substance which when entered or absorbed into the body may modify, alter and change one or more of its normal physical or mental functions (Cornwell Cornwell 1993: 7). The benefits of employing such a broad definition in relation to harm reduction, is that it incorporates any substances which are considered to be drugs but it also includes those which are not normally thought of as being drugs, such as food or sex as drugs, which are often perceived and understood differently within society but may also cause harm to the individual (Cornwell Cornwell 1993: 7). As the term addiction itself is rather ambiguous and difficult to define, alternate terms have often been adopted in place of or associated with addiction particularly that of drug or substance dependence which often serves to be most useful, especially in relation to harm reduction, as harm reduction may not completely eliminate the dependence (Marlatt 2002: 200). The term drug dependence has been defined as, the continual or persistent use of alcohol or other such drugs regardless of the problems related to the use of the drug, the uncontrollable and repetitive use of the drug may also result in a build up of tolerance to its effect as well as withdrawal symptoms when its use is reduced or stopped (American Psychiatric Association 2000: 192). Drug dependence can also be further expanded to incorporate the persistent desire that an individual may have to use a drug in large amounts or over extended periods, irrespective of its harmful effects (American Psychiatric Association 2000: 194). The importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction is further highlighted by the use of harm reduction methods and strategies on individuals who have become addicted to a drug (DiClemente 2006: 231). Harm reduction aims at reducing and preventing the harms of addictive drug use rather than stopping the addiction itself, although efforts to help the addict practise safer or decreased drug use may often lead to a complete abstinence from the drug (DiClemente 2006: 232). Although harm reduction methods can be controversial, they are often very effective, particularly in decreasing the spread several diseases often associated with drug use and addiction including HIV and hepatitis C (DiClemente 2006: 232). With a deeper understanding of the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction, it can now be understood what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are. Furthermore it is of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are. There are several problems and limitations that are often associated with harm reduction, with the first of these being that harms are identified according to dominant middle class values (Miller 2001: 175). As harms are established according to these dominant values, they often do not take into account the values of those at greatest risk from harm, choosing rather to construct harm reduction strategies based upon the dominant values of society (Miller 2001: 176). Furthermore these same strategies are also based on cost efficiency, with economically beneficial strategies often being favoured over health or community beneficial ones (Miller 2001: 175). The next problem which will be examined is that, harm reduction often condones or encourages drug use even though it is attempting to reduce the risks (Abadinsky 2008: 417). As the main aim of harm reduction is to reduce the risks and not the use of drugs, messages may often be conveyed which condone the use of harmful drugs (Dale 2005). This criticism is particularly prevalent within school education as excessive education about the risks associated with drug use may instead create an aura of intrigue around the subject, which often appeals to a childs curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 417). The third problem associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, needle exchange schemes facilitate and make the transition to intravenous drug use easier and more appealing (Ghodse 2008: 264). These schemes actively provide drug users with easy access to injecting equipment, which makes the transition to injecting easier, which gives users less incentive to give up injecting and may al so persuade younger drug users to start injecting (Ghodse 2008: 265). The establishment of needle exchange facilities also create safe meeting spots for intravenous drug users, which strengthens both the social networks of users as well as the prevalence of intravenous drug use (Ghodse 2008: 265). The last problem associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, harm minimisation fails to address the underlying reasons for drugs current legal status (Miller 2001: 173). As harm minimisation focuses on supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction it fails to examine the status of different drugs, choosing to rather label distinctions between them as irrelevant and unnecessary (Miller 2001: 173). Furthermore harm minimisation also fails to address the reasoning behind the massive profits which drug companies reap through the sale of drug substitutes particularly that of methadone, which indicates that the government also benefits financially from the sale of these substitutes (Miller 2001: 173). With a deeper understanding of what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are, it can now be understood what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are. Equally, it is crucial when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are. Just as there are several problems associated with harm reduction, there are also many benefits and advantages which are associated with it too, with the first of these being that harm reduction maintains a value-neutral standpoint (Keane 2003: 228). As harm reduction acknowledges that there is no ultimate solution to drug problems, pragmatic and rational strategies and solutions can be constructed and assessed through the objective calculation of consequences (Keane 2003: 228). Further adding to the value-neutrality of harm reduction is its refusal to support or oppose any view about drug use and drug users, except to the extent that its aims are based around reducing the harms of drug use (Keane 2003: 228). The next benefit which will be examined is that, needle exchange schemes are becoming more and more successful and widespread within society (Ghodse 2010: 264). Following the establishment of needle exchange schemes, their main aim is at keeping injecting drug users from sharing needles and transmitting blood bore diseases particularly that of HIV and hepatitis C (AVERT 2010). By providing injecting drug users with access to sterile equipment, they are also given access to drug treatment services (AVERT 2010). Since the implementation of needle exchange schemes within Australia, studies have found that needle sharing has decreased dramatically, with 32,000 HIV and around 100,000 hepatitis C infections being prevented in the last decade (AVERT 2010). The third benefit which will be examined is that, harm reduction is extremely cost beneficial (Petersen McBride 2002: 126). These cost benefits are particularly evidenced in relation to needle exchange schemes, as it is much cheaper and easier to implement these schemes than it is to treat people who have contracted HIV and hepatitis C (Petersen McBride 2002: 126). Harm reduction strategies also demonstrate their cost benefits through the ease in which these strategies have been adopted and implemented into the National Drug Strategy since 1985 (Inciardi Harrison 1999: 181). The last benefit associated with harm reduction which will be examined is that, education about the risks of drug use has profound and long term benefits particularly amongst children (Abadinsky 2008: 270). Education often occurs in several forms with many of these having no effect or harmful effects in the uptake of drugs, it is often education which teaches about the risks associated with drug use that have the greatest and most beneficial effect (Abadinsky 2008: 270). By educating and providing information to children about the risks of drug use, particularly those of potential health consequences, negative attitudes often develop towards drug use which deter them from using drugs (Abadinsky 2008: 270). With a deeper understanding of what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are, it can now be understood what future direction harm reduction should go in. It is also of crucial importance when examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in, is to have some understanding of what future direction harm reduction should go in. Although harm reduction has its problems and limitations, they are far outweighed by its benefits and advantages. In order for harm reduction to gain further strength and support it must continue in the same direction as it has been over the past twenty-five years, with an emphasis being placed upon retaining its value-neutrality where in does not support or oppose any one particular belief about drug use (Keane 2003: 228). Furthermore, in order for harm reduction remain as effective as it is, its main aim and priority must remain that of reducing the risks and consequences associated with drug use and the effect it may have on the individual and others within society (DiClemente 2006: 232). Although harm reduction must continue in the same direction, it must also gain improvement in several key areas particularly that of education about risks as well as the greater promotion of needle exchange schemes. Current education policies which aim at providing children with information and knowledge about the risks associated with drug use, often carry with them certain aspects of intrigue which appeal to a childs curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 274). In order to improve and place a greater emphasis on education, campaigns such as just say no must be eliminated with an enhanced focus being placed upon imagery and documentaries which highlight the risks of drug use (Abadinsky 2008: 274). It is only by using imagery and presenting stories about these risks which have been experienced firsthand by many individuals, that education about the risks of drug use will improve and remove drug curiosity (Abadinsky 2008: 417). As effective as needle exchange schemes are, there is still much room for improvement, particularly in relation to the number and accessibility of these locations. The greatest downfall which faces needle exchange schemes is that they are not widely accessible throughout Australia, either because they have yet to be constructed or are unable to provide a suitable health services to injecting drug users (Hagan 2010). Government studies are also contributing to the need to increase and improve needle exchange locations, as almost 60,000 HIV and over 120,000 hepatitis C infections have been prevented over the past twenty years, which has also led to healthcare cost savings of over $1 billion (AVERT 2010). It is only by increasing and improving these facilities that the future spread of blood bore diseases will be reduced even further, as a direct result of implementing harm reduction strategies (AVERT 2010). With an understanding of what future direction harm reduction should go in, ind ividuals must remain aware that harm reduction must remain at the forefront of combating drug problems and issues, particularly in conjunction and alignment with harm minimisation. In conclusion, there are five particular areas that an individual should examine when investigating what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in. They should gain an understanding of how harm reduction is defined and how it has developed over the past twenty-five years, along with the importance of harm reduction in relation to drugs and addiction as well as what the problems and limitations associated with harm reduction are and what the benefits and advantages associated with harm reduction are, which will allow them to understand what future direction harm reduction should go in. It is only by gaining an understanding into these areas that an individual can hope to be successful in examining what the problems and limitations of harm reduction are as it stands now and the direction it should go in.